Oils, Varnishes, Shellacs, and Lacquers for Woodworking
A good finish can turn a nice project into something truly special. Whether you’re after a warm, natural look or a high-gloss, museum-ready surface, the right finishing material protects your work and brings out the best in the wood. Here’s a breakdown of four common categories—oils, varnishes, shellacs, and lacquers—and how each can shine in your woodworking projects.
Oils
Oils soak into the wood fibers, enhancing natural color and grain without creating a thick surface layer. They give a hand-rubbed, organic look that’s easy to maintain.
Types:
Linseed Oil: Traditional, warm, and slow to dry. Best for pieces that won’t see heavy wear.
Tung Oil: Water-resistant and more durable than linseed; great for cutting boards, bowls, and furniture.
Danish Oil: A blend of oil and varnish—easy to apply, with added protection.
Why use it: Oils are perfect for highlighting the natural beauty of figured woods like walnut, maple, or cherry. They’re forgiving to apply and easy to refresh later.
Tips:
Wipe off excess after 15–30 minutes to avoid a sticky finish.
Multiple thin coats build depth and richness.
Varnishes
Varnish forms a protective film on top of the wood. It’s tougher than oil alone, with better resistance to water, heat, and abrasion.
Types:
Polyurethane: Available in oil- or water-based versions; very durable for tabletops and high-use furniture.
Spar Varnish: Flexible and UV-resistant—made for outdoor projects.
Why use it: When you need a hard-wearing, long-lasting finish that resists spills, scratches, and sunlight.
Tips:
Apply with a brush or wipe-on method.
Lightly sand between coats for a smooth surface.
Shellac
Shellac is a natural resin dissolved in alcohol. It’s been used for centuries and gives a warm, vintage look.
Why use it: Great for smaller projects, decorative items, or restoring antiques. It dries quickly and can be layered to create depth.
Advantages:
Easily repairable—new shellac melts into the old layer.
Food-safe once cured.
Tips:
Not the best for surfaces exposed to water or heat.
Can be tinted for different shades.
Lacquers
Lacquer is known for its smooth, professional finish and quick drying time. It’s common in high-end furniture and instrument making.
Why use it: Offers a deep, glassy surface that really makes grain pop. Works well for decorative turnings and fine cabinetry.
Advantages:
Fast-drying—multiple coats in a day.
Can be sprayed for an ultra-smooth look.
Tips:
Requires good ventilation.
Best applied in thin coats to avoid drips.
Choosing the Right Finish
Your choice depends on your project’s needs and style:
Oils: Rich, natural look; easy upkeep.
Varnishes: Strong protection for high-use items.
Shellac: Warm tone and easy repairs.
Lacquers: Fast application and sleek finish.
A good finish not only protects your work but also tells the story of the wood. With the right product, you can enhance color, bring out figure, and give your projects that final touch that makes people want to reach out and run their hands over the surface.